Engineering & Physics Calculators
Electrical circuits, mechanical loads, civil engineering, electronics, and physics.
The engineering and physics calculators apply standard textbook relationships such as Ohm's law, voltage dividers, kinetic energy and fluid and structural formulas. Inputs are labelled with their units, because most wrong answers in engineering come from mixing units rather than from the formula itself.
These tools are meant for learning, sanity checks and early design estimates. Safety-critical work such as structural design or electrical installation should always be checked by a qualified engineer against the relevant codes.
Ohm's Law and Power Calculator
Calculate voltage, current, resistance, and electrical power with instant unit conversions.
Universal Physics Solver
Solve physics equations for force, motion, work, energy, thermodynamics, and gravity step by step.
Force Calculator
Calculate force using mass and acceleration based on Newton second law of motion (F = ma).
Mass Calculator
Calculate mass from force and acceleration.
Acceleration Calculator
Calculate linear acceleration from force and mass or velocity and time.
Velocity Calculator
Calculate velocity from displacement and elapsed time.
Speed Calculator
Calculate scalar speed from total distance traveled and time duration.
Physics Distance Calculator
Calculate displacement or distance traveled under constant velocity or acceleration.
Physics Time Calculator
Calculate duration from distance and velocity.
Newtons Second Law Calculator
Calculate acceleration, mass, or force using F = ma.
Newtons First Law Calculator
Determine net zero acceleration equilibrium status for stationary or constant velocity bodies.
Newtons Third Law Calculator
Compute equal and opposite reaction force pairs.
Weight Calculator
Calculate downward force of gravity on a mass (W = mg).
Normal Force Calculator
Calculate perpendicular contact force on flat or inclined surface.
Net Force Calculator
Calculate vector sum of multiple applied forces.
Resultant Force Calculator
Calculate total magnitude and direction angle of combined orthogonal forces.
Kinematics SUVAT Calculator
Solve linear kinematics equations for displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
SUVAT Calculator
Solve for any missing SUVAT motion variable.
Final Velocity Calculator
Calculate final velocity after constant acceleration.
Initial Velocity Calculator
Calculate initial launch or starting velocity.
Acceleration from Velocity Calculator
Calculate acceleration from initial and final velocities.
Distance from Acceleration Calculator
Calculate displacement gained under linear acceleration.
Time from Motion Calculator
Calculate elapsed motion duration.
Free Fall Time Calculator
Calculate duration of free fall from given height.
Free Fall Velocity Calculator
Calculate velocity acquired during gravitational drop.
Vertical Motion Calculator
Calculate vertical trajectory height and flight time under Earth gravity.
Average Velocity Calculator
Calculate vector average velocity from net displacement over total time.
Average Speed Calculator
Calculate scalar average speed from total distance over time.
Relative Velocity Calculator
Calculate relative speed between two moving observers or bodies.
Projectile Range Calculator
Calculate horizontal range distance of a projectile.
Projectile Max Height Calculator
Calculate maximum peak vertical height reached by projectile.
Projectile Flight Time Calculator
Calculate total airborne time of a projectile.
Projectile Horizontal Distance Calculator
Calculate horizontal position at elapsed time t.
Projectile Vertical Distance Calculator
Calculate vertical elevation position at elapsed time t.
Projectile Velocity Calculator
Calculate total velocity magnitude at any point along trajectory.
Projectile Launch Angle Calculator
Calculate required launch angle Īø for targeted distance.
Projectile Trajectory Calculator
Map dynamic (x, y) parabolic coordinates over time.
Gravitational Potential Energy Calculator
Calculate potential energy stored by an elevated object in a gravitational field.
Elastic Potential Energy Calculator
Calculate potential energy stored in compressed or stretched spring.
Mechanical Energy Calculator
Calculate total mechanical energy (sum of kinetic and potential energy).
Energy Conservation Calculator
Verify conservation of mechanical energy between two points in frictionless system.
Physics Power Calculator
Calculate rate of work done or energy transfer per unit time (P = W/t).
Mechanical Power Calculator
Calculate rate of mechanical energy work transfer.
Electrical Power Calculator
Calculate electrical power dissipation in watts (P = VI = IĀ²R).
Mechanical Efficiency Calculator
Calculate energy or power efficiency percentage of a system.
Work Rate Calculator
Calculate output energy transfer rate over operational timeframe.
Impulse Calculator
Calculate impulse imparted by force over time duration (J = F dt).
Force from Momentum Calculator
Calculate net force from rate of change of momentum (F = dp/dt).
Change in Momentum Calculator
Calculate net momentum difference Īp = m(vā - vā).
Collision Calculator
Calculate final velocities after elastic or inelastic 1D collisions.
Elastic Collision Calculator
Calculate final velocities in perfectly elastic 1D collision conserving kinetic energy.
Inelastic Collision Calculator
Calculate final velocity when colliding masses stick together.
Perfectly Inelastic Collision Calculator
Calculate common final velocity when two bodies join together upon impact.
Coefficient of Restitution Calculator
Calculate elasticity ratio e of collision (e = relative velocity after / before).
Centripetal Acceleration Calculator
Calculate inward radial acceleration in circular motion.
Angular Velocity Calculator
Calculate angular rotation rate in radians per second.
Angular Acceleration Calculator
Calculate rate of change of angular velocity.
Tangential Velocity Calculator
Calculate linear tangential velocity at radius r.
Angular Displacement Calculator
Calculate total rotation angle in radians or revolutions.
Rotational Frequency Calculator
Calculate revolutions or cycles per second (f = Ļ / 2Ļ).
RPM Calculator
Calculate revolutions per minute from angular frequency.
RPM to Angular Velocity Converter
Convert revolutions per minute (RPM) to radians per second (rad/s).
Angular Velocity to RPM Converter
Convert radians per second (rad/s) to revolutions per minute (RPM).
Circular Motion Calculator
Calculate period, frequency, and force of circular trajectory.
Torque Calculator
Calculate rotational torque force from lever arm and angle (Ļ = r F sin Īø).
Moment of Inertia Calculator
Calculate rotational mass moment of inertia for rods, disks, spheres, and hoops.
Rotational Kinetic Energy Calculator
Calculate kinetic energy stored in a rotating body.
Angular Momentum Calculator
Calculate rotational momentum (L = I Ļ).
Rotational Work Calculator
Calculate mechanical work performed by rotational torque over angular displacement.
Rotational Power Calculator
Calculate mechanical power generated by torque and rotational speed.
Parallel Axis Theorem Calculator
Calculate shifted moment of inertia about parallel axis (I = I_cm + m dĀ²).
Perpendicular Axis Theorem Calculator
Calculate moment of inertia for planar laminar bodies (Iz = Ix + Iy).
Spring Force Calculator
Calculate compressive or tensile force exerted by spring.
Spring Constant Calculator
Calculate spring stiffness rate k in N/m.
Spring Extension Calculator
Calculate stretch or compression displacement x of spring.
Spring Potential Energy Calculator
Calculate potential energy stored in spring.
Spring Oscillation Calculator
Calculate period of harmonic spring mass system (T = 2Ļ ā(m/k)).
Series Springs Calculator
Calculate equivalent spring constant for springs connected end-to-end.
Parallel Springs Calculator
Calculate equivalent spring constant for side-by-side springs.
Friction Calculator
Calculate static and kinetic friction force (Ff = Ī¼ N).
Static Friction Calculator
Calculate maximum threshold force before motion occurs.
Kinetic Friction Calculator
Calculate sliding friction resistive force.
Coefficient of Friction Calculator
Calculate friction coefficient Ī¼ from force and normal load.
Friction Force Calculator
Calculate resistive force opposing movement.
Inclined Plane Friction Calculator
Calculate friction force opposing movement on ramp.
Inclined Plane Calculator
Calculate parallel force, normal force, and acceleration on an inclined plane.
Inclined Plane Force Calculator
Calculate gravitational force pulling mass down a slope.
Inclined Plane Acceleration Calculator
Calculate acceleration down ramp with optional friction.
Inclined Plane Normal Force Calculator
Calculate normal force perpendicular to inclined surface.
Inclined Plane Mechanical Advantage Calculator
Calculate ideal mechanical advantage IMA = 1 / sin(Īø) = length / height.
Physics Density Calculator
Calculate density from mass and volume (Ļ = m / V).
Mass Density Calculator
Calculate mass density of solids, liquids, or gases.
Volume Density Calculator
Calculate mass contained in specific volumetric space.
Pressure Calculator
Calculate pressure from force applied over cross area (P = F / A).
Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure Calculator
Calculate hydrostatic pressure at depth h in fluid of density Ļ.
Hydrostatic Pressure Calculator
Calculate total fluid pressure including atmospheric pressure.
Archimedes Principle Calculator
Calculate buoyant force equal to weight of displaced fluid.
Flow Rate Calculator
Calculate volumetric and mass flow rates through pipe or channel.
Volumetric Flow Rate Calculator
Calculate volume of fluid passing per second (mĀ³/s or GPM).
Mass Flow Rate Calculator
Calculate mass of fluid passing per second.
Continuity Equation Calculator
Calculate fluid velocity change across varying pipe cross section (A1 v1 = A2 v2).
Bernoulli Equation Calculator
Calculate fluid pressure, velocity, and elevation relationships along a streamline.
Pipe Flow Calculator
Calculate fluid velocity and flow rate in pipes.
Fluid Velocity Calculator
Calculate flow velocity v = Q / A inside duct or pipe.
Wave Frequency Calculator
Calculate wave frequency in Hertz from speed and wavelength.
Wavelength Calculator
Calculate distance between wave crests (Ī» = v / f).
Wave Period Calculator
Calculate time for one wave cycle (T = 1/f).
Wave Number Calculator
Calculate spatial frequency wavenumber (k = 2Ļ / Ī»).
Wave Amplitude Calculator
Calculate maximum displacement of wave from equilibrium position.
Frequency to Period Converter
Convert frequency in Hertz to period in seconds.
Period to Frequency Converter
Convert oscillation period in seconds to frequency in Hertz.
Speed of Sound Calculator
Calculate speed of sound in air based on ambient temperature.
Sound Wavelength Calculator
Calculate acoustic wavelength in air (Ī» = v_sound / f).
Sound Frequency Calculator
Calculate pitch frequency of sound wave.
Sound Intensity Calculator
Calculate acoustic sound energy power per unit area (I = P / A).
Sound Level Calculator
Calculate sound level intensity in decibels (dB = 10 log(I / Iā)).
SHM Calculator
Calculate displacement, velocity, and acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion.
Simple Harmonic Motion Calculator
Calculate periodic oscillation parameters of harmonic oscillator.
Simple Pendulum Period Calculator
Calculate time required for full pendulum swing cycle.
Oscillation Frequency Calculator
Calculate cycles per second for harmonic system (f = 1/T).
Oscillation Amplitude Calculator
Calculate maximum displacement peak from center rest position.
Angular Frequency Calculator
Calculate angular frequency in radians per second (Ļ = 2Ļ f).
Heat Calculator
Calculate heat transfer Q = m c ĪT.
Temperature Change Calculator
Calculate temperature differential from heat added or removed.
Heat Capacity Calculator
Calculate total heat capacity C = m c of an object.
Thermal Energy Calculator
Calculate internal thermal energy absorbed or released.
Latent Heat Calculator
Calculate heat required for phase change without temperature change (Q = m L).
Phase Change Energy Calculator
Calculate heat for melting, fusion, or vaporization.
Thermal Expansion Calculator
Calculate linear, superficial area, and volumetric thermal expansion.
Area Expansion Calculator
Calculate surface area increase due to temperature change.
Volume Expansion Calculator
Calculate volumetric expansion of liquids or solids.
Heat Transfer Calculator
Calculate rate of thermal conduction through material (Q/t = k A ĪT / d).
Boyle Law Calculator
Calculate pressure volume relationship at constant temperature (P1 V1 = P2 V2).
Charles Law Calculator
Calculate volume temperature relationship at constant pressure (V1 / T1 = V2 / T2).
Gay-Lussac Law Calculator
Calculate pressure temperature relationship at constant volume (P1 / T1 = P2 / T2).
Combined Gas Law Calculator
Calculate changes in pressure, volume, and temperature for gas sample.
Avogadro Law Calculator
Calculate gas volume to molar quantity ratio (V1 / n1 = V2 / n2).
Gas Density Calculator
Calculate density of ideal gas (Ļ = P M / R T).
Molar Volume Calculator
Calculate volume occupied by 1 mole of gas at STP.
Gas Pressure Calculator
Calculate container gas pressure P = nRT / V.
Gas Temperature Calculator
Calculate gas temperature in Kelvin or Celsius.
Gravity Calculator
Calculate gravitational field strength and acceleration on planet surface.
Gravitational Acceleration Calculator
Calculate free fall gravitational acceleration g = G M / rĀ².
Weight from Gravity Calculator
Calculate local weight W = m g on celestial bodies.
Orbital Period Calculator
Calculate orbital revolution period using Kepler third law.
Gravitational Field Calculator
Calculate vector gravitational field intensity g = F / m.
Satellite Orbit Calculator
Calculate speed, period, and altitude of satellite in Earth orbit.
Orbital Radius Calculator
Calculate orbital semi-major axis radius from orbital period.
Geostationary Orbit Calculator
Calculate exact altitude for 24-hour geostationary orbit.
Keplers Third Law Calculator
Calculate orbital period square to radius cube proportionality ratio (TĀ² ā rĀ³).
Electric Force Calculator
Calculate force exerted on charge in electric field.
Electric Field Calculator
Calculate electric field intensity created by point charge.
Electric Potential Calculator
Calculate electric potential voltage around point charge.
Electric Potential Energy Calculator
Calculate potential energy between two point charges (U = k q1 q2 / r).
Electric Charge Calculator
Calculate total electrical charge from current and time (Q = I t).
Capacitance Calculator
Calculate charge storage capacitance (C = Q / V).
Resistance Calculator
Calculate electrical resistance R = V / I in ohms.
Voltage Calculator
Calculate potential difference voltage V = I R.
Current Calculator
Calculate electric current flow I = V / R in amperes.
Series Capacitor Calculator
Calculate total equivalent capacitance for capacitors in series.
Parallel Capacitor Calculator
Calculate total equivalent capacitance for capacitors in parallel.
Electrical Load Calculator
Calculate total electrical current load consumption in amperes.
Current Divider Calculator
Calculate current branch distribution in parallel circuits.
Circuit Power Calculator
Calculate total power consumed or dissipated by electrical circuit.
Battery Runtime Calculator
Calculate estimated battery discharge runtime hours based on amp-hour capacity and load.
Stress and Strain Calculator
Calculate axial engineering stress, strain, and Youngs modulus for structural material analysis.
Engineering Strain Calculator
Calculate dimensionless fractional elongation strain.
Youngs Modulus Calculator
Calculate elastic modulus stiffness ratio E = stress / strain.
Shear Stress Calculator
Calculate shear stress force per unit area parallel to cross section.
Shear Strain Calculator
Calculate angular shear deformation strain.
Bulk Modulus Calculator
Calculate volumetric elasticity resistance to uniform compression.
Elastic Modulus Calculator
Calculate linear elastic stress strain modulus.
Factor of Safety Calculator
Calculate engineering structural design factor of safety (FOS = Ultimate / Allowable).
Material Density Calculator
Calculate material density and specific gravity for engineering design.
Thermal Stress Calculator
Calculate internal stress induced by thermal expansion restriction (Ļ = E Ī± ĪT).
Beam Load Calculator
Calculate bending moments and shear reactions in structural beams.
Beam Deflection Calculator
Calculate peak elastic flexural deflection of structural beams.
Cantilever Beam Calculator
Calculate maximum bending moment and tip deflection for end loaded cantilever beam.
Bending Stress Calculator
Calculate maximum flexural tensile or compressive bending stress (Ļ = M y / I).
Shear Force Calculator
Calculate internal vertical shear force in loaded structural member.
Bending Moment Calculator
Calculate maximum internal flexural bending moment.
Section Modulus Calculator
Calculate section modulus Z = I / y for structural beam cross sections.
Vector Magnitude Calculator
Calculate length or magnitude of 2D or 3D vector.
2D Vector Calculator
Calculate magnitude and angle of 2D vector.
3D Vector Calculator
Calculate magnitude and direction cosines of 3D spatial vector.
Vector Addition Calculator
Calculate resultant vector sum from components.
Vector Subtraction Calculator
Calculate vector difference A - B.
Dot Product Calculator
Calculate scalar dot product A Ā· B.
Cross Product Calculator
Calculate 3D vector cross product A Ć B perpendicular vector.
Unit Vector Calculator
Calculate normalized direction unit vector u = V / |V|.
Vector Angle Calculator
Calculate angle Īø in degrees between two 2D or 3D vectors.
Vector Projection Calculator
Calculate orthogonal vector projection of A onto B.
Vector Components Calculator
Decompose vector magnitude and angle into orthogonal (Vx, Vy) components.
Half-Life Calculator
Calculate how much of a radioactive or decaying substance remains after a given time.
Resistor Color Code Calculator
Decode 4-band and 5-band resistor colour codes into resistance and tolerance range.
Voltage Drop Calculator
Calculate voltage drop in a copper or aluminium cable run for single-phase/DC or three-phase circuits.
Kinetic Energy Calculator
Calculate the kinetic energy of a moving object from its mass and speed, with momentum and steps.
Gravitational Potential Energy Calculator
Calculate potential energy mgh on Earth, the Moon, Mars or with custom gravity.
Projectile Motion Calculator
Find range, maximum height and flight time of a projectile launched at an angle, with a trajectory table.
Ideal Gas Law Calculator (PV = nRT)
Solve PV = nRT for pressure, volume, moles or temperature in SI units.
Hooke's Law Calculator
Calculate spring force and stored elastic energy from spring constant and extension.
Momentum Calculator
Calculate linear momentum p = mv and the corresponding kinetic energy.
Work Calculator (W = Fd cosĪø)
Calculate mechanical work from force, displacement and the angle between them.
Density Calculator (Mass, Volume)
Solve Ļ = m/V for density, mass or volume.
Pendulum Period Calculator
Calculate a simple pendulumās period and frequency with a large-amplitude correction.
Free Fall Calculator
Find fall time and impact speed from a height, with a distanceātime table.
Escape Velocity Calculator
Calculate escape velocity from Earth, the Moon, Mars, Jupiter or a custom body.
Orbital Velocity & Period Calculator
Calculate circular orbit speed and period at any altitude above Earth, the Moon, Mars or Jupiter.
Wave Speed Calculator (v = fĪ»)
Solve the wave equation for speed, frequency or wavelength.
Specific Heat Calculator (Q = mcĪT)
Calculate heat energy needed to change a materialās temperature.
Centripetal Force Calculator
Calculate centripetal force and acceleration for circular motion.
Gravitational Force Calculator
Calculate the Newtonian gravitational attraction between two masses.
Coulomb's Law Calculator
Calculate the electrostatic force between two point charges.
Simply Supported Beam Deflection Calculator
Calculate maximum deflection and bending moment of a simply supported beam with centre point load or UDL.
Parallel Resistor Calculator
Calculate the equivalent resistance of any number of resistors in parallel.
Series Resistor Calculator
Add resistors in series and see the current and voltage drop across each one.
Voltage Divider Calculator
Calculate the output voltage of a two-resistor divider.
Capacitor Energy Calculator
Calculate energy and charge stored in a capacitor.
Doppler Effect Calculator (Sound)
Calculate the observed frequency when a sound source or observer moves.
Buoyancy Calculator (Archimedes)
Calculate buoyant force on a submerged object and whether it floats or sinks.
RC Circuit Time Constant Calculator
Calculate RC time constant, charging voltage at any time and cut-off frequency.
Thermal Linear Expansion Calculator
Calculate how much a rod, rail or pipe lengthens with temperature.
Decibel Calculator (Power & Amplitude)
Convert power or amplitude ratios to decibels.